Physical Images Definition

Gilliam's animations link with Hanna Hoch's composites since both images and animation involve the manipulation of physical items to create something. For example, both Hanna and Gilliam's work both involve the use of newspaper that was cut to create their final pieces.

Hoch and Gilliam are a part of the Dada art movement. Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire and in New York.

Definition: Physically manipulated images.

Photo manipulation involves transforming or altering a photograph using various methods and techniques to achieve desired results.

Whilst this is usually done using software,  the physical adaptation of images is practised through e.g.

Tearing

Painting

scratching

Composite Image Making Definition

A composite Image is a picture that is made from the combination of multiple images merged into a single image. I think that this can have its benefits as well as its drawbacks such as making as aesthetic picture. However it could also make misleading images which could be published into the media. I think that composite images are right but only to a certain extent. They could be used to create aesthetically appealing images for the viewer. However it can also be used to create unrealistic/fake images such as magazine covers. This would then be viewed  by the general public who would be fed false information. 

This photo was created using photoshop to bring about a composite image of large rubber ducks in the river themes. The photo of the rubber duck was pasted as a separate layer than the background. This was then resized and placed into the appropriate position. Then a mask was created in every separate duck. The paintbrush tool was then used to 

Documentary Photography Definition

Documentary photography usually refers to a popular form of photography used to chronicle events or environments both significant and relevant to history and historical events as well as everyday life.

Portraiture Definition

Portraiture is the photography or art of taking a picture of ones face where their facial expression is shown.

I have chosen this image to represent portraiture since the persons facial expression is shown and easily identifiable.

This portrait meets our expectations of a political or war hero since the masculine lighting of this portraiture demonstrates powerful body language and facial expressions. His clothing also indicates a formal position of work, in this case being a politician. 

This photograph taken by Amanda Lepore has feminine lighting which demonstrates the comfort of the person in the photograph. The personality indicated could be narcissistic or a sassiness from the overuse of makeup.

Landscape Definition

What is a landscape?

A landscape is all the visible features of an area of land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.




Ansel Adams Landscapes:



Group f/64, which Ansel Adams was apart of, was a group of seven 20th-century San Francisco photographers who shared a common photographic style characterized by sharp-focused and carefully framed images seen through a particularly Western viewpoint.

It was called f/64 since that was the aperture used to take these landscapes.

Pictorialism is the name given to an international style and aesthetic movement that dominated photography during the later 19th and early 20th centuries. Ansel Adams was generally considered as a 'pictorialist' since he played a great role in this aesthetic movement.

The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer.

Being methodical is a something done according to a systematic or established procedure.\

The term “seeing” can be used to describe pre visualization. The visualization of a photograph involves many extremely swift observations and calculations, motivated and controlled by intuition and experience. Below are three methods increase your awareness of the visualization process.

Aesthetic - Something that is visually pleasing

Joiners Definition

What is a Joiner?

In the early 1980s, Hockney began to produce photocollages, which he called "joiners," first of Polaroid prints and later of 35mm, commercially processed color prints.

Movement and Aperture blur Definition

Movement is the act or process of moving people or things from one place or position to another. There is generally no strict definition for movement in photography as for example motion can be captured through freeze frame or motion blur. 

Freeze Framing - a single frame forming a motionless image from a film or videotape.

Motion blur - the apparent streaking of rapidly moving objects in a still image or a sequence of images such as a movie or animation.

SLR Camera Functions:

The main camera controls include Aperture, Shutter Speed and ISO.

Speture adjusts the size of the opening through which light passes to the image sensor.

The more increase of 'f', the less light enters the camera.

Large aperture = low f.stop = narrow depth of field

Small aperture = high f.stop = wide depth of field

Shutter speed is measured in fractions of a second:

The arrow indicates the increase in motion blur.

Shutter speed is the timing and duration of opening and closing of the shutter curtain at the back of the camera. A faster shutter speed will freeze action while slower creates a blurred effect.

Relationship between Aperture and Shutter Speed

Macro is basically close up photography. It produces photographs of small items larger than life size.\

Technical aspects:

1) Magnification:

Macro photography has to do with the size that your subject is projected onto the camera's sensor. If you have a one-inch subject, its projection at "life-size" would be one once on the camera's sensor.

When an object is projected at life-size onto the sensor, it is at "1:1 magnification". If an object if projected at half of life-size, it is at 1:2 magnification. With 1:10 magnification or smaller, you aren't really shooting a macro photo anymore.

2) Working Distance:

Is the distance between your sensor and your subject at the closest possible focus distance of your lens.

A working distance of ten inches means that, with a camera/lens combo of eight inches long, the front of your lens will be two inches from the subject at its closest focusing distance.

The best macro lenses, as you might expect, have large working distances — a foot or more. The working distance increases as the focal length of the lens increases. 

Shape Definition

Shape is an area enclosed by a line that could be outlined or shaded in. They could be geometric or irregular. When drawing shapes, you must consider the size and position as well as the shape of the area around it. The shapes created in the spaces between shapes are referred to as negative space.

This photo by Bill Brandt demonstrates the artistic view of the female body rather than sexual objectification since he represents the body as an abstract form. Furthermore, this photo does not contain near to any similarity to 'lads mags' magazine contents.

Tone Definition

Tone refers to the lightness or darkness of something.

It is created by the way light falls on a 3D object. The parts of the object on which the light is strongest are called highlights and the darker areas are called shadows.

Without tone form does not exist, tone is therefore an important aspect in visualisation of 3D objects.

Ansel Adams developed the zone system which is aimed to achieve the correct exposure of an image. The diagram above shows a basic principle of the zone system. Zone 0 is pitch black and zone 10 is pure white. If a camera is set to AUTO, pointing it to a bight light will set the zone to a lower number .If pointing to a darker place, the zone would be set to a higher number.

Black and White photography:

In the absence of colour our ability to create a narrative in image is restricted.  This is viewed as an advantage to people that practice black and white photography. The wider range of tones used, the generally higher attention it gets. 

Form Definition

Form is a three dimensional shape, such as a cube or sphere.

 Sculpture and 3D design are about creating forms.

 In 2D artwork, tone and perspective can be used to create an illusion of form.

Surrealism: A movement in art and literature that flourished in the early 20th century. Surrealism aimed at expressing imaginative dreams and visions free from conscious rational control. Salvidor Dali was an influential surrealist painter.

Texture and Pattern Definition

Texture - tactile qualities of the physical surface of the object.

Seeing and capturing texture is based on one element - light. Texture can the accentuated by the side light of the early sun mornings or early evenings, or by overhead light when the sun is vertical and high in the sky.

Pattern - underlying structure that organises surfaces or structure in  a consistent, regular manner.

Can be described as a repeating unit of shape or form, but it can also be thought as the 'skeleton' that organises parts of a composition.

They are simply repeated shapes, colours or objects, ordered in either regular of irregular formations. Using pattern is key to good composition and can transform an otherwise bland image into something dramatic and eye catching. Patterns are formulated around us in natural and man made settings.

Regular patterns consist of line or colours that repeat in a strict formation. Filling a from with clear lines or geometric information.

Irregular lines direct contrast to regular patters. In this case, patterns can be found in irregular formations such as the natural world.

Reflection and Framing Definition

Reflection - The throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it.

This is not strictly a formal element but however is an important consideration in framing and composition and establishing balance. 

?F     Framing in composition:

 s       Compositional techniques can be added to a frame inside of your original frame. Having a frame inside your frame adds more focus to the scene and attracts the viewers focus on a specific section on a picture.

Lee Freelander


   Lee was an
 American photographer who studied photography at the Art Centre College of Design in the 1960s. 
He took pictures such as this one above which include reflection, framed into the car mirror.

Rule of Thirds:

The rule of thirds is applied by aligning a subject with the guide lines and their intersection

points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to

flow from section to section.

Golden section - the division of a line so that the whole is to 

the greater part as that part is to the smallerpart, a proportion which is considered to be particularly pleasing to the eye.

Surrealism

The release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational 
juxtaposition of images. 


Salvidor Dali's work is a good example of Surrealism.

Line Definition

Line Definition

A line is a representation of a path between two points. These lines can be straight, curved, vertical, horizontal, diagonal or zig zag. Lines could imply motion and suggest direction and orientation.

A line can also be implied and is then filled in by the mind when several point are positioned geometrically within a frame. Placing four dots in the shape of a square can imply that these dots are linked since the mind searches memorable patterns.

For example:

•Horizontal lines imply tranquillity, peace and harmony

•Vertical lines imply power and strength.

•Diagonal lines imply movement, action and change.

•Curved lines or S shaped lines imply quiet, calm and sensual feelings.

•Lines that converge imply depth, scale and distance - a fence or roadway converges into the

distance provides the illusion that a flat two-dimensional image has three-dimensional depth.

•A line is an effective element of design because it can lead the viewer's eye.

•To create more effective photographs actively look for lines and arrange them within your viewfinder to invoke specific feelings.

Example of horizontal line:



Example of vertical line:



Example of diagonal line:



Example of curved line: